Some morphological and physical characteristics of Jarai and Ede people settling in the central highlands in 2019

Nội dung text: Some morphological and physical characteristics of Jarai and Ede people settling in the central highlands in 2019

1. Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N06 - 2021 SOME MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JARAI AND EDE PEOPLE SETTLING IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS IN 2019 Nguyen Minh Tung1, Nguyen Van Ba1, Tran Ngoc Anh1 SUMMARY Objectives: To describe some morphological and physical characteristics of the Jarai adult and Ede communities who settled in the Central Highlands in 2019. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive research survey on 11,244 Jarai adults and 2,117 Ede people residing in the Central Highlands. Results: Average weight of Jarai men was 50.97 ± 3.06 kg, it was 50.93 ± 3.43 kg for Ede men, it was 46.47 ± 3.15 kg for Jarai women, it was 47.90 ± 2.98 for Ede women. The average height of Jarai and Ede male was 161.21 ± 3.53 cm and 162.07 ± 3.89 cm, respectively; that of the Jarai female was 153.39 ± 3.19 and Ede women was 154.36 ± 3.02 cm. The average BMI of Jarai men was 19.60, while the BMI index of Ede men was 19.37; that of Jarai and Ede women was 19.37 and 20.08, respectively. The average Pignet index of male Jarai was 33.59 ± 3.56; male Ede was 32.40 ± 3.53 cm; that of Jarai female was 36.43 ± 2.98 cm; that of Ede female was 34.20 ± 2.10 cm. The average Skelie index in male Jarai was 86.89 ± 1.85; it was 86.78 ± 1.59 for male Ede; it was 87.97 ± 2.21 for Jarai female; it was 87.94 ± 2.04 for Ede female. The average improved QVC index of Jarai and Ede men was 27.44 ± 3.16 and 26.03 ± 2.24; that of female Jarai and Ede was 28.30 ± 2.96 and 28.05 ± 1.43, respectively. Conclusion: The morphological and physical indexes of the Jarai and Ede adults in the Central Highlands follow the standard of body development in Vietnam * Keywords: Morphology; Physical status; Jarai; Ede. INTRODUCTION morphology and physical status of the For a long time, there have been many adult population. Only the works of Mai studies on the Vietnamese people's Van Thinh and Dao Mai Luyen referred to morphology and physical status. However, this issue, and so far there have been no most of the new results show Vietnamese studies conducted to evaluate morphological, people’s current morphology and physical physical as well as physiological indicators status in some localities without any of the adult Jarai in the Central Highlands. specific comparison to find out the causes Therefore, our study aims: To evaluate the of differences in physical health between changes of some morphological - physical research groups. and physiological indicators of Jarai In particular, in the Central Highlands, adults in the Central Highlands compared there are few studies on growth in to the 1990s. 1Vietnam Military Medical University Corresponding author: Nguyen Minh Tung (bsqytung@gmail.com) Date received: 23/6/2021 Date accepted: 02/7/2021 141
2. Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N06 - 2021 SUBJECTS AND METHODS 1.962 x 0.658 x 0.342 1. Subject n = ---------------------------- = 8.644.98 2 The research was carried on habitants (0.01) and households of the Jarai and Ede Thus, the minimum sample size to be ethnic groups in the four provinces of the studied is 8,645 people. In fact, the study Central Highlands. The anthropometric was conducted on 13,361 people. indicators include weight, standing height, sitting height, body circumferences such * Sample selection: as head, chest, waist, hip, BMI index, lean - Selecting province: The study was mass, fat mass, % fat, Pignet index, carried out in four provinces in the Central Skelie index, improved QVC index. Highlands region, including Dak Lak, Dac 2. Methods Nong, Gia Lai, and Kon Tum. * Sample size: - Selecting districts: For each province, To ensure the reliability of the survey, 3 - 4 districts were randomly selected to based on specific resources and study, including Krong Buck district, Ea H demographic characteristics, general Leo district, Buon Ho district and Lak population distribution, as well as an district (Dak Lak province); Cu Jut district, ethnic minority population in the five Dac Mil district, Dac Lap district and Dac provinces of the Central Highlands, we Song district (Dac Nong province); Dac applied the formula to calculate the Ha district, Dac To district, Sa Thay sample size of 1-rate estimation for the district and Kon Tum city (Kontum cross-sectional investigation. province); Chu Pa district, Mang Yang p(1-p) district and Dac Doa district (Gia Lai 2 province). n = Z 1- α/2 x ---------- d 2 - Selecting communes: Of which: In the selected districts of each n: Sample size. province, we made a list of all communes, p: Estimated rate of population. In this then selected 69 communes for the survey study, we took p = 34.2%. (using systematic random sampling): Z 1- α/2: The Z value obtained from the + Make a list of all communes in the data table corresponds to the selected province in the order of each district with α value. columns: ordinal number, commune name, (Corresponding to 95% confidence, cumulative population. if α = 0,05, Z1- α/2 = 1,96) + Determine the sample distance k by α: Significance level. dividing the cumulative population of d: Confident limit around the point each province by 30. K = cumulative estimate: Take d = 0.01 population/30. 142
3. Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N06 - 2021 + Use a random number board to households (those 2 chosen digits must choose a random number with a value be less than the total number of between 1 and k. households in the village just selected). + Determine that the first commune to The first household selected is the one be selected was the commune where the whose ordinal number in the list overlaps cumulative population is equal to or with the first 2 numbers of the chosen greater than the value of the selected coin. In case the first two numbers are random number. greater than the total number of households selected, which means they + The second commune was selected are not in the ordinal number in the list, by taking a random number plus sample take back the next two digits of the distance k, then comparing it with the nd selected coin to select the first household. cumulative population (2 commune was the commune whose cumulative population * Method of determining the morphology is equal to or greater than the total and physical indexes: random number plus k. Furthermore, we - Standing height: determined by a continued doing so to select other height ruler mounted on a healthy scale, communes (random number plus 2k, with a scale of up to 0.1cm. When random number plus 3k ...) until 69 measuring, the study subject is in an communes are selected. upright position, the heels are close The number of communes is calculated together, the four positions: Occipital by the following formula: bone, back, hips, and heels touch the ni = SNN + (i -1) x k (where i is 1-30). ruler. Standing height is measured in (List of selected districts and communes centimeters (cm). is in the bottom section) - Body-weight: determined by a - Select a village to interview: bathroom scale, with an accuracy of 0.1kg and measured before meals for the most In each selected commune, we made accurate weight. Each person only wears a list of all the villages. Randomly draw 1 - 2 villages to conduct the survey. thin clothes, no shoes or sandals, stands Village selection was performed at the still in the middle of the scale, with the feet commune health station only before the close together. The unit for calculating survey started. body weight is the kilogram (kg). - Choose the first household: - BMI Index (BMI): also known as body mass index, is calculated by the formula: Draw up a list and number all the BMI = Weight (kg)/[Standing height (m)] households in the village that have been 2 (kg/m2 selected for the study. Draw a coin ). randomly and use the first two numbers in Evaluation of BMI is based on Asian that coin to determine the first number of standards: IDI & WPRO BMI. 143
4. Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N06 - 2021 - Pignet index = Standing height - - Improved QVC index is proposed to (Weight + average chest circumference) evaluate the robusticity of Vietnamese According to Nguyen Quang Quyen et adults calculated by the formula: al., the smaller the Pignet index is, the Improved QVC index = Standing height - better the physical status is. (Maximal inhaled thorax perimeter + left - Skelie index = 100 * (Standing height - thigh perimeter + left arm perimeter). Sitting height) / Standing height. Improved QVC index is evaluated Skelie index is used to assess the relative according to Nguyen Truong Anh [1] length of lower limbs relative to sitting height. * Data processing: Data were collected The larger the index, the longer the legs. and processed on SPSS 22.0 program. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1: Anthropometric index of Jarai and Ede people by gender. Ethnic group, Male (n = 6.124) Female (n = 7.237) gender Jarai Ede p Jarai Ede p (n = 5.616) (n = 508) (n = 5.628) (n = 1.609) Index Weight 50.97 ± 3.06 50.93 ± 3.43 0.512* 46.47 ± 3.15 47.90 ± 2.98 0.000* Standing height 161.21 ± 3.53 162.07 ± 3.89 0.000* 153.39 ± 3.19 154.36 ± 3.02 0.000* Sitting height 86.27 ± 2.06 86.78 ± 2.11 0.000* 81.60 ± 1.30 82.13 ± 1.24 0.000* Head 54.01 ± 0.99 54.88 ± 1.19 0.000* 52.90 ± 0.76 53.47 ± 0.73 0.000* circumference Average chest 76.64 ± 3.73 78.74 ± 3.67 0.000* 70.49 ± 2.76 72.27 ± 1.96 0.000* circumference Waist 71.62 ± 2.75 71.82 ± 2.94 0.041* 65.77 ± 2.54 67.28 ± 2.43 0.000* circumference Hips circumference 87.54 ± 3.36 92.20 ± 3.53 0.000* 85.82 ± 3.04 90.56 ± 2.68 0.000* BMI 19.60 ± 0.58 19.37 ± 0.65 0.000* 19.37 ± 0.65 20.08 ± 0.64 0.000* Waist/Hips 0.82 ± 0.03 0.78 ± 0.02 0.000* 0.77 ± 0.06 0.74 ± 0.02 0.000* Fat mass 6.13 ± 0.46 6.19 ± 0.50 0.001* 9.37 ± 0.49 9.67 ± 0.50 0.000* Lean mass 44.85 ± 2.76 44.75 ± 3.00 0.231* 37.09 ± 2.85 38.23 ± 2.54 0.000* % Fat 12.02 ± 0.65 12.14 ± 0.49 0.000* 20.22 ± 1.05 20.20 ± 0.59 0.008* (Independent samples T-test); ((*) Mann - Whitney U Test)) 144
5. Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N06 - 2021 Table 1 shows that while the average was 53.21 ± 5.13, and that of women was weight of men in Jarai was higher than 45.12 ± 4.66 [3]. It is also higher than that of the Ede ethnic group, the value of the data in the “Anthropometric Atlas of remaining indicators of the Ede Vietnamese in the working age” (1986), community was higher than that of Jarai in which the average weight of men people. According to our results: The was 49.4 ± 3.4 kg, that of women was average BMI of male Jarai was 19.60 ± 44.7 ± 3.2 kg [4]. 0.58; male Ede was 19.37 ± 0.65; after The average standing height of male evaluating nutritional status based on Jarai was 161.21 ± 3.53 cm; that of male Asian standards if it considers the Ede was 162.07 ± 3.89 cm; its value of average index of all age groups with female in Jarai and Ede was 153.39 ± normal BMI (> 18.5). 3.19 and 154.36 ± 3.02 cm, respectively. As obviously demonstrated from this The average standing height in our table that in women, the ratio of waist research was higher than the data in " circumference/hips circumference was Vietnamese’ physiological constant " 0.77 ± 0.06 and the percentage of body (1975), in which average height (at the fat percentage in Jarai ethnic women was age of 25 - 49) was said to be 159.0 ± 20.22 ± 1.05, which was higher than 5.0 cm for male and 149.0 ± 4.0 cm for that of Ede women with the results of female [2]. Thus, after every decade, 0.74 ± 0.02 and 20.20 ± 0.59, the height has been improved steadily. respectively. The average BMI of female The result of the chest circumference of Jarai was 19.37 ± 0.65; that of Ede men was always higher than that of women was 20.08 ± 0.64. women in the same age group, which is According to our research, the average consistent with the study of Dao Huy Khue weight of Jarai and Ede men was 50.97 ± carried out on children in Ha Dong [5]. In 3.06 kg and 50.93 ± 3.43 kg, respectively. our study, the average head circumference Its value of Jarai female was 46.47 ± 3.15 of Jarai and Ede men and women was while Ede female weighed 47.90 ± 2.98, 54.01 ± 0.99 cm, 54.88 ± 1.19 cm; 52.90 which was higher than the "Vietnamese’ physiological constant" (1975), in which ± 0.76 cm; 53.47 ± 0.73 cm, respectively. the average weight was said to be Our results are similar to that of Nguyen 45 ± 4.0 kg for men and 43 ± 4.0 kg for Duc Hong, Nguyen Huu Nhan (2004), in women [2]. which the average head circumference Our results are lower than those of Mai was said to be 54.82 ± 1.55 cm for men Van Hung (2015): Average weight in men and 53.29 ± 1.76 cm for women [6]. 145
6. Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N06 - 2021 Table 2: Pignet index by age group and ethnicity. Ethnics Jarai (n = 11.244) Ede (n = 2.117) P Male (n = 6.124) Age group n ( ± SD) n ( ± SD) 15 - 19 331 35.52 ± 3.07 14 33.61 ± 2.02 0.033* 20 - 24 674 34.10 ± 3.47 84 33.56 ± 3.39 0.194* 25 - 29 753 33.32 ± 3.43 155 32.05 ± 3.56 0.000* 30 - 39 1689 32.58 ± 3.39 151 32.00 ± 3.63 0.044* 40 - 49 1204 32.40 ± 2.93 55 32.19 ± 3.77 0.358* 50 - 59 615 34.74 ± 3.18 47 32.38 ± 2.72 0.000* ≥ 60 350 38.36 ± 2.11 2 37.80 ± 4.24 0.818* Female (n = 7.237) 15 - 19 351 37.77 ± 2.90 62 34.98 ± 1.72 0.000* 20 - 24 697 37.45 ± 2.39 374 34.94 ± 1.83 0.000* 25 - 29 883 37.40 ± 2.24 517 34.73 ± 1.77 0.000* 30 - 39 1649 35.27 ± 3.08 540 33.32 ± 2.09 0.000* 40 - 49 1104 34.84 ± 2.57 51 32.99 ± 2.81 0.000* 50 - 59 575 37.29 ± 2.46 62 32.91 ± 2.15 0.000* ≥ 60 369 39.60 ± 1.61 3 37.63 ± 0.58 0.017* (Independent samples T-test); ((*) Mann - Whitney U Test)) Table 2 shows that the Pignet index of from 15 - 59 is assessed to be healthy, the Jarai ethnic group was higher than but the age group ≥ 60 was said to be as that of the E De ethnic group for both men average. While the Ede women were and women. According to Nguyen Quang considered as healthy in 6 age groups Quyen et al., the smaller the Pignet index, except for age group ≥ 60, the female Ja 7 the better the physical status [ ]. Lai was evaluated as “healthy” in the age This proves that the Ede people are group 40 - 49 and other age groups were stronger than the Ja Lai people. In his average. Our results are higher than opinion, it can be based on the Pignet that of Nguyen Truong An (2004), in index to evaluate specific physical fitness which Pignet index of adults in Central as follows: if Pignet = 29 - 34.9: healthy; Area aged 25 - 49 is measured to be Pignet = 35 - 41: Average. Pignet index of 30.01 ± 8.72 in male and 34.08 ± 9.15 in men in both ethnic groups in 6 age groups female [1]. 146
7. Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N06 - 2021 Table 3: Skelie index by age group and ethnicity. Ethnics Jarai (n = 11.244) Ede (n = 2.117) P Male (n = 6.124) Age group n ( ± SD) N ( ± SD) 15 - 19 331 87.31 ± 2.38 14 86.97 ± 1.53 0.828* 20 - 24 674 86.59 ± 1.88 84 86.98 ± 1.11 0.000* 25 - 29 753 86.41 ± 1.47 155 86.95 ± 0.98 0.000* 30 - 39 1689 87.10 ± 1.87 151 86.70 ± 2.14 0.001* 40 - 49 1204 87.19 ± 1.60 55 86.52 ± 2.14 0.000* 50 - 59 615 86.10 ± 1.59 47 86.33 ± 1.00 0.031* ≥ 60 350 87.41 ± 2.24 2 85.56 ± 1.46 0.726* Female (n = 7.237) 15 - 19 351 88.06 ± 2.46 62 87.16 ± 1.32 0.298* 20 - 24 697 88.77 ± 2.50 374 87.82 ± 2.08 0.000* 25 - 29 883 88.96 ± 2.32 517 88.55 ± 2.11 0.004* 30 - 39 1649 87.93 ± 2.25 540 87.75 ± 1.83 0.018* 40 - 49 1104 87.32 ± 1.62 51 87.67 ± 2.71 0.911* 50 - 59 575 87.60 ± 1.61 62 86.38 ± 1.18 0.000* ≥ 60 369 86.62 ± 1.71 3 85.98 ± 1.46 0.223* (Independent samples T-test); ((*) Mann- Whitney U Test)) In the age group of 20 - 29 and 50 - 59 ± 3.89, higher than that of Ja Lai people in the males Jarai ethnic group, the Skelie (161.21 ± 3.53), but Jarai’s legs were index was lower than that of the Ede longer. Similarly, for women, the Ede ethnic group, but in the age group of 30 - ethnic group had an average height of 49, this index of the Jarai ethnic group 154.36 ± 3.02, higher than the Jarai group was higher. of 153.39 ± 3.19, but the lower limb of the While Skelie index in the female Jarai Jarai was longer. ethnic group was higher than that of the The average Skelie index of the Jarai Ede ethnic group in the age group 15 - 39 men was 86.89 ± 1.85; male Ede was and 50 - 59, only the age group 40 - 49, 86.78 ± 1.59; that of ethnic women in the that of the Ede ethnic group was higher Jarai group was 87.97 ± 2.21 and its than the other. This index is used to value of Ede women was 87.94 ± 2.04. estimate the relative length of the lower Thus, both men and women have medium extremities. The calculation data shows legs (85 - 89.9) according to the although the average standing height of classification of anthropologists (Nguyen men in the Ede ethnic group was 162.07 Quang Quyen) [7]. 147
8. Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N06 - 2021 Table 4: The QVC index by age group and ethnicity. Ethnics Jarai (n = 11.244) Ede (n = 2.117) P Male (n = 6.124) Age group n ( ± SD) n ( ± SD) 15 - 19 331 28.68 ± 2.68 14 27.55 ± 0.94 0.011* 20 - 24 674 27.98 ± 2.80 84 26.99 ± 2.25 0.000* 25 - 29 753 27.44 ± 2.83 155 26.16 ± 2.35 0.000* 30 - 39 1.689 27.07 ± 3.22 151 25.73 ± 2.25 0.000* 40 - 49 1.204 25.90 ± 2.70 55 25.30 ± 2.02 0.102* 50 - 59 615 27.98 ± 2.71 47 25.08 ± 1.16 0.000* ≥ 60 350 31.39 ± 2.42 2 29.22 ± 0.23 0.057* Female (n = 7.237) 15 - 19 351 29.63 ± 3.14 62 29.93 ± 1.11 0.740* 20 - 24 697 29.61 ± 3.05 374 28.51 ± 1.36 0.000* 25 - 29 883 29.68 ± 2.15 517 27.93 ± 1.07 0.000* 30 - 39 1.649 27.71 ± 3.00 540 27.76 ± 1.36 0.719* 40 - 49 1.104 27.08 ± 2.63 51 27.34 ± 2.63 0.498* 50 - 59 575 28.26 ± 2.06 62 27.24 ± 1.32 0.000* ≥ 60 369 27.58 ± 3.55 3 29.63 ± 3.71 0.610* (Independent samples T-test); ((*) Mann - Whitney U Test)) Men in all 7 age groups had average is said to be weak. As for the female, the improved QVC of the Jarai group was average level was between 21.9 - 29.1, and 27.44 ± 3.16, higher than that of the Ede the weak one was 29.1 - 36.3. The results ethnic group with 26.03 ± 2.24. In the in table 4 indicate that in the Jarai group, same way, women in the age group only male adults aged 25 - 49 were assessed 20 - 29 and 50 - 59, the Ja Lai ethnic to be in average fitness level. In the Ede group had a higher improved QVC than ethnic group, there were 6 age groups the Ede ethnic group. from 15 - 59 with average physical status. Improved QVC is proposed to evaluate In women, while the age group of 15 - 29, the robusticity of Vietnamese adults, the Jarai ethnic group has a weak physical Nguyen Truong Anh [1] has classified it fitness assessment index, other groups as follows: if the improved QVC for men from 15 - 19 and ≥ 60 years old, the Ede 20.5 - 27.7 is average, then level 27.7 - 34.9 ethnic group also has a weak outcome. 148
9. Journal OF MILITARY PHARMACO - MEDICINE N06 - 2021 CONCLUSION The average improved QVC index of Jarai and Ede men was 27.44 ± 3.16 and From the results of measurement and 26.03 ± 2.24; that of female Jarai and Ede research on physical fitness on 11.244 was 28.30 ± 2.96 and 28.05 ± 1.43, Jarai and 2,117 Ede people residing in respectively. the Central Highlands, we have drawn the following conclusions: REFERENCES The average weight of the Jarai men 1. Nguyen Truong An. Evaluation of anthropometric status of nutritional fitness and was 50.97 ± 3.06 kg, that of Ede men was development in Central Vietnam people aged 50.93 ± 3.43 kg, that of Jarai women was 15 years and over. Medical Doctoral Thesis. 46.47 ± 3.15 kg, that of Ede women was Hanoi Medical University 2004 47.90 ± 2.98. The average height of Jarai 2. Nguyen Tan Gi Trong et al. Vietnamese’ and Ede male was 161.21 ± 3.53 cm and physiological constant. Medical Publishing 162.07 ± 3.89 cm, respectively; that of the House, Hanoi 1975. Jarai female was 153.39 ± 3.19 and Ede 3. Mai Van Hung. Morphological and physical indexes of Vietnamese people. women was 154.36 ± 3.02 cm. The Lambert Academic Publishing 2015. average BMI of Jarai men was 19.60, 4. Institute for Labor Protection. Atlat while the BMI index of Ede men was Vietnamese anthropology in working age. 19.37; that of Jarai and Ede women was Science and Technology Publishing House, 19.37 and 20.08, respectively. Hanoi 147, 1986. The average Pignet index of male 5. Đao Huy Khue. Morphological characteristics, growth and body development Jarai was 33.59 ± 3.56; male Ede was of 6 - 17 years old high school students (Ha 32.40 ± 3.53; of Jarai female it was 36.43 Dong town, Ha Son Binh). Doctoral Thesis in ± 2.98; of Ede female it was 34.20 ± 2.10. Biological sciences, Hanoi University 1991. The average Skelie index in male Jarai 6. Nguyen Duc Hong, Nguyen Huu Nhan. The ergonomic anthropology curriculum. Hanoi was 86.89 ± 1.85; that of male Ede was National University Publishing House 2004. 86.78 ± 1.59; that of Jarai female was 7. Nguyen Quang Quyen. Anthropology 87.97 ± 2.21; that of Ede female was and research applications in Vietnamese. 87.94 ± 2.04. Medical Publishing House, Hanoi 1974. 149