Giáo trình TOEFL grammar

Nội dung text: Giáo trình TOEFL grammar

1. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org - tr−íc half khi nã theo sau 1 ® ¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑ n. VÝ dô: a kilo and a half vµ còng cã thÓ ® äc lµ one and a half kilos. Chó ý: 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( kh«ng cã a tr−íc half). - dïng tr−íc half khi nã ® i víi 1 danh tõ kh¸c t¹o thµnh tõ ghÐ p. VÝ dô : a half-holiday nöa kú nghØ , a half-share : nöa cæ phÇ n. - dïng tr−íc c¸c tû sè nh− 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one fifth . - Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ® é, tû lÖ . VÝ dô: five dolars a kilo; four times a day. - Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ tr−íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ý t ® Õ m ® −îc, dïng trong c© u c¶m th¸n. VÝ dô: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl! Nh−ng: such long queues! What pretty girls. - a cã thÓ ® −îc ® Æ t tr−íc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tªn hä (surname): VÝ dô: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith. a Mr Smith nghÜ a lµ ‘ ng−êi ® µn «ng ® −îc gäi lµ Smith’ vµ ngô ý lµ «ng ta lµ ng−êi l¹ ® èi víi ng−êi nãi. Cßn nÕ u kh«ng cã a tøc lµ ng−êi nãi biÕ t «ng Smith. 2- The - §−îc sö dông khi danh tõ ® −îc x¸c ® Þ nh cô thÓ vÒ tÝ nh chÊ t, ® Æ c ® iÓ m, vÞ trÝ hoÆ c ® −îc nh¾ c ® Õ n lÇ n thø 2 trong c© u. - The + noun + preposition + noun. VÝ dô : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America. - The + danh tõ + ® ¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖ nh ® Ò phô VÝ dô: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him. - Tr−íc 1 danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vË t riªng biÖ t. VÝ dô: She is in the garden. - The + tÝ nh tõ so s¸nh bË c nhÊ t hoÆ c sè tõ thø tù hoÆ c only way. VÝ dô : The first week; the only way. - The + dt sè Ý t t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm thó vË t hoÆ c ® å vË t th× cã thÓ bá the vµ ® æ i danh tõ sang sè nhiÒ u. VÝ dô: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes. Nh−ng ® èi víi danh tõ man (chØ loµi ng−êi) th× kh«ng cã qu¸n tõ (a, the) ® øng tr−íc . VÝ dô: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse. - The + danh tõ sè Ý t chØ thµnh viªn cña mét nhãm ng−êi nhÊ t ® Þ nh. VÝ dô: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult. - The + adj ® ¹i diÖ n cho 1 líp ng−êi, nã kh«ng cã h× nh th¸i sè nhiÒ u nh−ng ® −îc coi lµ 1 danh tõ sè nhiÒ u vµ ® éng tõ sau nã ph¶i ® −îc chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒ u. VÝ dô: the old = ng−êi giµ nãi chung; The disabled = nh÷ng ng−êi tµn tË t; The unemployed = nh÷ng ng−êi thÊ t nghiÖ p. - Dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c khu vùc, vïng ® · næ i tiÕ ng vÒ mÆ t ® Þ a lý hoÆ c lÞ ch sö. VÝ dô: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic. - The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.
2. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org VÝ dô: the East/ West end. The North / South Pole. Nh−ng kh«ng ® −îc dïng the tr−íc c¸c tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng nµy, nÕ u nã ® i kÌm víi tªn cña mét khu vùc ® Þ a lý. VÝ dô: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany. - The + tªn c¸c ® å hîp x−íng, c¸c dµn nh¹c cæ ® iÓ n, c¸c ban nh¹c phæ th«ng. VÝ dô: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles. - The + tªn c¸c tê b¸o lín/ c¸c con tÇ u biÓ n/ khinh khÝ cÇ u. VÝ dô: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain. - The + tªn hä ë sè nhiÒ u cã nghÜ a lµ gia ® × nh hä nhµ VÝ dô: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cßn gäi lµ gia ® × nh nhµ Smith. - The + Tªn ë sè Ý t + côm tõ/ mÖ nh ® Ò cã thÓ ® −îc sö dông ® Ó ph© n biÖ t ng−êi nµy víi ng−êi kh¸c cïng tªn. VÝ dô: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter. - Kh«ng dïng the tr−íc 1 sè danh tõ nh− Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college, university khi nã ® i víi ® éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓ n ® éng (chØ ® i tíi ® ã lµm môc ® Ý ch chÝ nh). VÝ dô: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home. to bed ( ® Ó ngñ) to church (® Ó cÇ u nguyÖ n) to court (® Ó kiÖ n tông) We go to hospital (ch÷a bÖ nh) to prison (® i tï) to school / college/ university (® Ó häc) T−¬ng tù in bed at church We can be in court in hospital at school/ college/ university We can be / get back (hoÆ c be/ get home) from school/ college/university. leave school We can leave hospital be released from prison. Víi môc ® Ý ch kh¸c th× ph¶i dïng the. VÝ dô: I went to the church to see the stained glass. He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures. Student go to the university for a class party.
3. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org • Sea Go to sea (thñy thñ ® i biÓ n) to be at the sea (hµnh kh¸ch/ thuû thñ ® i trªn biÓ n) Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : ® i t¾ m biÓ n, nghØ m¸t. We can live by / near the sea. • Work and office. Work (n¬i lµm viÖ c) ® −îc sö dông kh«ng cã the ë tr−íc . Go to work. nh−ng office l¹i ph¶i cã the. Go to the office. VÝ dô: He is at / in the office. NÕ u to be in office (kh«ng cã the) nghÜ a lµ ® ang gi÷ chøc. To be out of office - th«i gi÷ chøc. • Town The cã thÓ bá ® i khi nãi vÒ thÞ trÊ n cña ng−êi nãi hoÆ c cña chñ thÓ . VÝ dô: We go to town sometimes to buy clothes. We were in town last Monday. Go to town / to be in town - Víi môc ® Ý ch chÝ nh lµ ® i mua hµng. B¶ng dïng the vµ kh«ng dïng the trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ® Æ c biÖ t. Dïng the Kh« ng dïng the • Tr−íc c¸c ® ¹i d−¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓ n, vÞ nh • Tr−íc tªn 1 hå (hay c¸c hå ë sè Ý t). vµ c¸c hå ë sè nhiÒ u. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c d·y nói. • Tr−íc tªn 1 ngän nói VÝ dô: VÝ dô: The Rockey Moutains. Mount Mckinley • Tr−íc tªn 1 vË t thÓ duy nhÊ t trªn thÕ giíi • Tr−íc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆ c c¸c chïm sao hoÆ c vò trô. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion. The earth, the moon, the Great Wall • Tr−íc School/college/university + of + noun • Tr−íc tªn c¸c tr−êng nµy khi tr−íc nã lµ 1 tªn VÝ dô: riªng. The University of Florida. VÝ dô: The college of Arts and Sciences. Cooper’s Art school, Stetson University. • Tr−íc c¸c sè thø tù + noun. • Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ mµ sau nã lµ 1 sè ® Õ m. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: The first world war. World war one The third chapter. chapter three.
4. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org • Tr−íc c¸c cuéc chiÕ n tranh khu vùc víi ® iÒ u • Kh«ng nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕ n tranh kiÖ n tªn c¸c khu vùc ® ã ph¶i ® −îc tÝ nh tõ khu vùc nÕ u tªn khu vùc ® Ó nguyªn. ho¸. VÝ dô: The Korean war. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã tõ 2 tõ trë lªn. Ngo¹i trõ • Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã 1 tõ nh− : Sweden, Vene- Great Britain. zuela vµ c¸c n−íc ® −îc ® øng tr−íc b ë i new hoÆ c tÝ nh tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: New Zealand, South Africa. The United States, the United Kingdom, the Central Africal Republic. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc ® −îc coi lµ 1 quÇ n ® ¶o. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c lôc ® Þ a, tiÓ u bang, tØ nh, thµnh VÝ dô: The Philipin. phè, quË n, huyÖ n. VÝ dô: Europe, California. • Tr−íc c¸c tµi liÖ u hoÆ c sù kiÖ n mang tÝ nh • Tr−íc tªn bÊ t cø m«n thÓ thao nµo. lÞ ch sö. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: The constitution, the Magna Carta. Base ball, basket ball. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c nhãm d© n téc thiÓ u sè. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c danh tõ mang tÝ nh trõu t−îng trõ VÝ dô: nh÷ng tr−êng hîp ® Æ c biÖ t. The Indians, the Aztecs. VÝ dô: Freedom, happiness. • Nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c nh¹c cô. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc chung. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: To play the piano. Mathematics, Sociology. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ . • Tr−íc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ , tÕ t. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: The applied Math. Christmas, thanksgiving. The theoretical Physics. 1.3 C¸ch sö dông Other vµ another. Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆ t ng÷ nghÜ a nh−ng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆ t ng÷ ph¸p. Dïng víi danh tõ ® Õ m ® −îc Dïng vãi danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc • another + dt® 2 sè it = 1 c¸i n÷a, 1 c¸i kh¸c, 1 • the other + dt ® 2sè Ý t = ng−êi cuèi cïng, c¸i ng−êi n÷a, 1 ng−êi kh¸c. cuèi cïng cña 1 bé, 1 nhãm. VÝ dô: another pencil • other + dt kh«ng ® 2 = 1 chót n÷a. • other + dt® 2 sè nhiÒ u = mÊ y c¸i n÷a, mÊ y VÝ dô: other water = some more water. c¸i kh¸c, mÊ y ng−êi n÷a, mÊ y ng−êi kh¸c. other beer = some more beer. VÝ dô: other pencils = some more. • the other + dt kh«ng ® 2 = chç cßn sãt l¹i. • the other + dt® 2 sè nhiÒ u = nh÷ng c¸i cuèi VÝ dô: cïng, nh÷ng ng−êi cuèi cïng cßn l¹i. The other beer = the remaining beer. (chç bia VÝ dô: the other pencils = all remaining pen- cßn l¹i) cils - Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh trong khi the other lµ x¸c ® Þ nh. NÕ u danh tõ hoÆ c chñ ng÷ ë trªn ® · ® −îc hiÓ u hoÆ c ® −îc nh¾ c ® Õ n, chØ cÇ n dïng another vµ other nh− 1 ® ¹i tõ lµ ® ñ. VÝ dô:
5. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org I don’t want this book. Please give me another. - NÕ u danh tõ ® −îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒ u th× other ® −îc sö dông theo 1 trong 2 c¸ch (other + nouns hoÆ c others) mµ kh«ng bao giê ® −îc sö dông (others + DTSN). - Cã thÓ dïng ® ¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆ c ones cho danh tõ sau another, the other vµ other. L−u ý r»ng this vµ that cã thÓ dïng víi ® ¹i tõ one nh−ng these vµ those tuyÖ t ® èi kh«ng dïng víi ones. 1.4 C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few - Little + dt kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc : rÊ t Ý t, hÇ u nh− kh«ng. VÝ dô: There is little water in the bottle. I have little money, not enough to buy groceries. - A little + dt kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc : cã 1 chót, ® ñ ® Ó dïng. VÝ dô: I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket. - few + dt ® Õ m ® −îc sè nhiÒ u : cã rÊ t Ý t, kh«ng ® ñ. VÝ dô: She has few books, not enough for references. - a few + dt ® Õ m ® −îc sè nhiÒ u : cã mét Ý t, ® ñ ® Ó . VÝ dô: She has a few books, enough to read. - NÕ u danh tõ ë trªn ® · ® −îc nh¾ c ® Õ n th× ë d−íi chØ cÇ n dïng (a) few vµ (a) little nh− 1 ® ¹i tõ lµ ®ñ. VÝ dô: Are you ready in money? Yes, a little. - quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh¸ nhiÒ u. - only a few = only a little = cã rÊ t Ý t ( nhÊ n m¹nh). 1.5 Së h÷u c¸ch The + noun’s + noun. - ChØ ® −îc dïng trong c¸c danh tõ chØ ng−êi hoÆ c ® éng vË t, kh«ng dïng cho bÊ t ® éng vË t. VÝ dô: The student’s book. The cat’s legs. - NÕ u cã 2 danh tõ cïng ® øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµo ® øng gÇ n danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊ t sÏ mang dÊ u së h÷u. VÝ dô: Tom and Mark’s house. - §èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ sè nhiÒ u ® · cã s th× chØ cÇ n ® Æ t dÊ u ‘ lµ ® ñ. VÝ dô: The students’ books.
6. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org - Nh−ng ® èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ cã sè nhiÒ u ® Æ c biÖ t kh«ng cã s t¹i ® u«i vÉ n ph¶i dïng nguyªn dÊ u së h÷u. VÝ dô: The children’s toys. - Nã ® −îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m th¸ng, thÕ kû, thiªn niªn kû.) VÝ dô: The 1980’ events. The 21 st century’s prospect. - Nã ® −îc dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m ngo¹i trõ mïa Xu© n vµ mïa Thu. NÕ u dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho mïa Xu© n vµ mïa Thu tøc lµ ta ® ang nh© n c¸ch ho¸ mïa ® ã. VÝ dô: The summer’s hot days. The winter’s cold days. The spring’s coming back = Nµng Xu© n ® ang trë vÒ . The autunm’s leaving = sù ra ® i cña Nµng Thu. Tr−êng hîp nµy hiÖ n nay Ý t dïng. §èi víi mét sè danh tõ bÊ t ® éng vË t chØ dïng trong 1 sè tr−êng hîp thË t ® Æ c biÖ t khi danh tõ ® ã n»m trong c¸c thµnh ng÷. VÝ dô: A stone’s throw. - §«i khi ® èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ chØ n¬i chèn hoÆ c ® Þ a ® iÓ m chØ cÇ n dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho danh tõ ® ã mµ kh«ng cÇ n danh tõ theo sau. VÝ dô: At the hairdresser’s At the butcher’s 1.6 Some, any some vµ any nghÜ a lµ “1 sè hoÆ c 1 l−îng nhÊ t ® Þ nh”. Chóng ® −îc sö dông víi (hoÆ c thay thÕ ) c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒ u hoÆ c danh tõ kh«ng ® Õ m ® −îc . + Some lµ d¹ng sè nhiÒ u cña a/an vµ one: VÝ dô: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates. + some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ ® ¹i tõ riªng/ ® ¹i tõ së h÷ u. VÝ dô: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses. Did any of your photos come out well? + some ® −îc sö dông víi : - C¸c ® éng tõ ë thÓ kh¼ ng ® Þ nh. VÝ dô: They bought some honey. - Trong c¸c c© u hái mµ cã c© u tr¶ lêi lµ ‘yes’. VÝ dô: Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ng−êi nãi chê ® îi c© u tr¶ lêi lµ yes) - Trong c¸c c© u ® Ò nghÞ vµ yªu cÇ u:
7. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org VÝ dô: Would you like some wine? Could you do some typing for me? + any ® −îc sö dông: - Víi ® éng tõ ë thÓ phñ ® Þ nh VÝ dô: I haven’t any matches. - Víi hardly, barely, scarely ( c¸c phã tõ nµy ® Ò u mang nghÜ a phñ ® Þ nh) VÝ dô: I have hardly any spare time. - Víi without khi without any = with no VÝ dô: He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty. - Víi c¸c c© u hái Have you got any fish? Did he catch any fish? - Sau if/ whether c¸c thµnh ng÷ mang tÝ nh nghi ngê. VÝ dô: If you need any more money, please let me know. I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank. 2. §éng tõ ( verb) §éng tõ trong tiÕ ng Anh chia lµm 3 thêi chÝ nh: - Qu¸ khø. - HiÖ n t¹i. - T−¬ng lai. Mçi thêi chÝ nh l¹i chia ra lµm nhiÒ u thêi nhá ® Ó x¸c ® Þ nh chÝ nh x¸c thêi gian cña hµnh ® éng. 2.1 HiÖ n t¹i (present) 2.1.1 HiÖ nt¹i ® ¬n gi¶n (simple present) Khi chia ® éng tõ ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ý t, ph¶i cã s ë ® u«i vµ vÇ n ® ã ph¶i ® −îc ® ä c l ª n . VÝ dô: John walks to school everyday. - Nã dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµnh ® éng x¶y ra ë thêi ® iÓ m hiÖ n t¹i, kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh cô thÓ vÒ mÆ t thêi gian vµ hµnh ® éng lÆ p ® i lÆ p l¹i cã tÝ nh quy luË t. - Nã th−êng dïng víi 1 sè phã tõ nh−: now, present day, nowadays. §Æ c biÖ t lµ1 sè phã tõ chØ tÇ n suÊ t ho¹t ® éng: often, sometimes, always, frequently. VÝ dô: They understand the problem now. Henry always swims in the evening. (thãi quen)
8. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org We want to leave now. Your cough sounds bad. 2.1.2 HiÖ n t¹i tiÕ p diÔ n (present progressive) am Subject + is + [verb +ing ] are - Nã dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµnh ® éng ® ang x¶y ra ë thêi hiÖ n t¹i. Thêi gian ® −îc x¸c ® Þ nh cô thÓ b»ng c¸c phã tõ nh− now, right now, presently. - Nã dïng ® Ó thay thÕ cho thêi t−¬ng lai gÇ n. VÝ dô: He is learning in the US. L−u ý: §Ó ph© n biÖ t t−¬ng lai gÇ n vµ hµnh ® éng ® ang x¶y ra cÇ n c¨n cø vµo phã tõ trong c© u) VÝ dô: The committee members are examining the material now. ( hiÖ n t¹i ® ang kiÓ m tra) George is leaving for France tomorrow. (t−¬ng lai gÇ n - sÏ rêi tíi Ph¸p vµo ngµy mai) 2.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖ n t¹i hoµ n thµ nh) Have + P2 - Dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµnh ® éng ® · x¶y ra trong 1 qu¸ khø kÐ o dµi vµ chÊ m døt ë hiÖ n t¹i. Thêi gian trong c© u hoµn toµn kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh. - ChØ 1 hµnh ® éng x¶y ra nhiÒ u lÇ n trong qu¸ khø kÐ o dµi tíi hiÖ n t¹i. - Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for vµ since + thêi gian. - Dïng víi already trong c© u kh¼ ng ® Þ nh, already cã thÓ ® øng sau have nh−ng nã còng cã thÓ ® øng cuèi c© u. have Subject + + already + P2 has VÝ dô: We have already written our reports. I have already read the entire book. Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment. - Dïng víi yet trong c© u phñ ® Þ nh vµ c© u nghi vÊ n phñ ® Þ nh, yet th−êng xuyªn ® øng ë cuèi c© u, c«ng thøc sau: have Subject + not + P2 + yet has VÝ dô: John hasn’t written his report yet.
9. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org The president hasn’t decided what to do yet. We haven’t called on our teacher yet. - Trong 1 sè tr−êng hîp yet cã thÓ ® ¶o lªn ® øng sau to have vµ ng÷ ph¸p cã thay ® æ i. Not mÊ t ® i vµ ph© n tõ 2 trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to. have Subject + + yet + [verb in simple form] has VÝ dô: John has yet to learn the material. = John hasn’t learned the material yet. We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We haven’t decided what to do with the money yet. Chó ý: CÈ n thË n sö dông yet trong mÉ u c© u kÎo nhÇ m víi yet trong mÉ u c© u cã yet lµm tõ nèi mang nghÜ a “nh−ng” VÝ dô: I don’t have the money, yet I really need the computer. My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on Saturday nights. 2.1.4 HiÖ n t¹i hoµ n thµ nh tiÕ p diÔ n ( preset perfect progressive) Have been + verbing. - Dïng gièng hÖ t nh− present perfect nh−ng hµnh ® éng kh«ng chÊ m døt ë hiÖ n t¹i mµ vÉ n ® ang tiÕ p tôc x¶y ra. Nã th−êng xuyªn ® −îc dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for, since + time. VÝ dô: John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in the same house for ten years. Mét sè thÝ dô Jorge has already walked to school. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh) He has been to California three times. (h¬n 1 lÇ n) Mary has seen this movie before. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh) They have been at home all day. We haven’t gone to the store yet. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ® Þ nh). John has worked in Washington for three years. HoÆ c John has been working in Washington for three years. (vÉ n ch−a kÕ t thóc - John vÉ n ® ang lµm viÖ c ë Washington).
10. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Ph©n biÖt c¸ch dïng gi÷a 2 thêi Present perfect Present perfect progressive • Hµnh ® éng chÊ m døt ë hiÖ n t¹i, do ® ã cã • Hµnh ® éng vÉ n tiÕ p tôc tiÕ p diÔ n á hiÖ n kÕ t qu¶ râ rÖ t. t¹i do vË y kh«ng cã kÕ t qu¶ râ rÖ t. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: I have waited for you for half an hour (now I I have been waiting for you for half an hour. stop waiting) (and continue waiting hoping that you will come) 2.2 Qu¸ khø ( Past) 2.2.1 Qu¸ khø ® ¬n gi¶n (simple past) Verb + ed - Mét sè ® éng tõ trong tiÕ ng Anh cã qu¸ khø ® Æ c biÖ t vµ ® ång thêi còng cã ph© n tõ 2 ® Æ c biÖ t. - Mét sè c¸c ® éng tõ cã c¶ 2 d¹ng: VÝ dô: Light - lighted - lighted lit - lit Ng−êi Anh −a dïng qu¸ khø th−êng khi chia ® éng tõ vµ ph© n tõ 2 ® Æ c biÖ t. VÝ dô: He lighted the candle on his birthday cake. Nã th¾ p ngän nÕ n trªn chiÕ c b¸nh sinh nhË t Nh−ng I can see the lit house from a distance. T«i cã thÓ nh× n thÊ y tõ xa ng«i nhµ s¸ng ¸nh ® iÖ n. • Nã dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµnh ® éng ® · x¶y ra døt ® iÓ m trong qu¸ khø, kh«ng liªn quan g× tíi hiÖ n t¹i. • Thêi gian hµnh ® éng trong c© u lµ rÊ t râ rµng, nã th−êng dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh−: yesterday, at that moment, last + thêi gian nh−: Last night month week vv L−u ý: NÕ u thêi gian trong c© u lµ kh«ng râ rµng th× ph¶i dïng present perfect. VÝ dô: John went to Spain last year. Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday. Maria did her homework last night.
11. For more material and information, please visit Tai Lieu Du Hoc at www.tailieuduhoc.org Mark washed the dishes after dinner. We drove to grocery store this afternoon. George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night. 2.2.2 Qu¸ khø tiÕ p diÔ n (Past progresive). Was / were + Ving - Nã ® −îc dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 1 hµnh ® éng ® ang x¶y ra ë vµo 1 thêi ® iÓ m nhÊ t ® Þ nh trong qu¸ khø kh«ng liªn hÖ g× tíi hiÖ n t¹i. Thêi ® iÓ m trong c© u ® −îc x¸c ® Þ nh b»ng c¸c phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh−: At + thêi gian qu¸ khø. VÝ dô: He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night. - Nã ® −îc dïng kÕ t hîp víi 1 simple past th«ng qua 2 liªn tõ When vµ while ® Ó chØ 1 hµnh ® éng ® ang x¶y ra trong qu¸ khø th× 1 hµnh ® éng kh¸c ® ét ngét xen vµo (t−¬ng ® −¬ng víi c© u TiÕ ng ViÖ t “ Khi ® ang th× bçng”). * Subject1 + simple past + while + subject 2 + past progressive. VÝ dô: Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car. Subject1 + past progressive + when + subject 2 + simple past. VÝ dô: He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head. L−u ý: MÖ nh ® Ò cã when vµ while cã thÓ ® øng bÊ t kú n¬i nµo trong c© u nh−ng sau when nhÊ t thiÕ t ph¶i lµ 1 simple past vµ sau while nhÊ t thiÕ t ph¶i lµ 1 past progressive. - Dïng ® Ó diÔ n ® ¹t 2 hµnh ® éng song song cïng 1 lóc, nèi víi nhau b»ng liªn tõ while. Subject1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 + past progressive. VÝ dô: He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in the kitchen. ( MÖ nh ® Ò kh«ng cã while cã thÓ ® −îc chuyÓ n sang simple past nh−ng hiÕ m khi v× sî nhÇ m lÉ n víi *) VÝ dô: Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke. While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.